Overlap With Autism and Mood Disorders

A psychologist said that some symptoms commonly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may actually be attributable to other psychological disorders instead.

Dr. Lara Honos-Webb, a clinical psychologist specializing in ADHD, told Insider that inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity can all be present in disorders like autism, depression, and borderline personality disorder. This overlap can lead to misdiagnosis if ADHD is presumed based only on common symptoms.

Key Factor is Childhood Onset

While ADHD consists of various symptoms, struggling to focus and jumping between tasks are often discussed. However, Honos-Webb said going by these broad symptoms alone risks incorrect diagnosis.

She emphasized that a key aspect of ADHD is displaying symptoms since childhood. If inattentiveness or hyperactivity are recent, they likely stem from other causes. Honos-Webb recommends formal evaluation by a medical professional to establish whether symptoms have persisted for years.

"That's why a symptom checklist for ADHD is problematic," she said, noting the prevalence of quick online ADHD quizzes.

Inattentiveness in Other Disorders

Inattentiveness is a major symptom of ADHD, but Honos-Webb said it also occurs in other diagnoses. For example, autistic individuals may become distracted due to sensory issues or masking struggles.

Mood disorders like anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder can also impair focus. Trauma from PTSD can likewise make concentration difficult when experiencing intrusive images.

Hyperactivity Beyond ADHD

Hyperactivity is another ADHD hallmark. In children, it may manifest as excessive movement or talking.

However, Honos-Webb said hyperactivity also occurs in autism.

People with bipolar disorder exhibiting manic symptoms can seem hyperactive too.

Hyperactivity is a state of being unusually or abnormally active. It can affect a person’s ability to focus, sit still, or control their impulses. Hyperactivity is one of the three main features of ADHD, along with inattention and impulsivity.

In children with ADHD, hyperactivity may manifest as excessive movement or talking. They may fidget, squirm, run, climb, or interrupt others. They may have trouble staying seated, waiting their turn, or following instructions. Hyperactivity can interfere with their learning, socializing, and self-esteem.

In people with autism, hyperactivity may also occur, but for different reasons. Autism is a developmental disorder that affects how a person communicates, behaves, and interacts with others. People with autism may have sensory processing issues, meaning they are over- or under-sensitive to certain stimuli, such as sounds, lights, or textures. They may also have repetitive behaviors, such as rocking, flapping, or spinning. These behaviors can help them cope with stress, anxiety, or boredom. They are not signs of hyperactivity, but rather ways of self-regulation.

People with bipolar disorder may experience periods of mania, which are characterized by elevated mood, energy, and activity. During a manic episode, a person may seem hyperactive, as they may talk fast, have racing thoughts, take on multiple tasks, or engage in risky behaviors. They may also have reduced need for sleep, increased self-confidence, or grandiose ideas. Mania can impair a person’s judgment, relationships, and functioning.

Some related facts are:

Hyperactivity is not always a sign of a mental health condition. Some people may be naturally more energetic, restless, or talkative than others. Hyperactivity can also be influenced by environmental factors, such as stress, caffeine, sugar, or lack of sleep.

Hyperactivity can be treated with medication, therapy, or lifestyle changes. Medication can help reduce the excess activity and improve focus and mood.